A Study of Lyme Disease in New Jersey essays

A Study of Lyme Disease in New Jersey essays Just by living in the world, human beings are susceptible to disease. Many diseases for example, influenza and tuberculosis are spread when bacteria or viruses pass from one person to another. Other diseases are acquired genetically from ones parents, such as cystic fibrosis. Some diseases, such as heart disease and osteoporosis, develop as humans age. Others humans get from the environment; examples are lead poisoning and skin cancer due to exposure to the sun. Finally, there are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Lyme disease is one such disease. Cases of Lyme disease, which is transmitted to humans and pets by the bite of a tick, are steadily increasing in areas such as the Northeast region of the United States. At present, there is no vaccine for humans; the best way to prevent Lyme disease is to take precautions against being bitten by a tick and allowing the tick to remain attached to the skin long enough for the infection to be transmitted. The story of Lyme disease in the United States began in 1975, when two mothers, Polly Murray and Judith Mensch, alarmed by the great number of cases of joint inflammation in the their communities of Lyme and Ease Haddam, Connecticut, contacted public health authorities (7:5). The health department contacted Allen Steere and his colleagues at Yale University, in New Haven. Steere believed the outbreak may provide a clue about the infectious agent or environmental toxin that was responsible for arthritis (2:26). One early observation made by Steere was an association between the arthritis and a prior skin rash. A connection was then made between this rash and a similar one called erythema migrans, which comes from the bite of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus and is frequently found in northern Europe (7:5). After field studies and patient surveys were carried out the researchers released three essential findings which later led to the discovery...

Incredibly Bad Resumes That Will Make You Shudder-092016

Incredibly Bad Resumes That Will Make You Shudder-092016 If you’re a frequent reader here at TheJobNetwork (and you totally are, right?), you know that we give you lots of information about what to do: how to structure your resume, free resume templates, what to say in an interview, how to break into your field of choice. All excellent info! But right now let’s flip the script a little: what do some of the fails look like? Specifically, what should your resume not look like? Let’s take a look at three poor souls whose bad resumes are destined for the â€Å"ugh, moving on† pile. Rocky is just out of school, and just applied for a senior management position. We’ll call him The Mess.Rocky B. 45 Maple Sreet Philadelphia, PA 43434 Rocky@emaildomain.comObjective: To get a high-paying job. What I lack in experience, I bring in confidence.Experience:PetSmart (sales associate), September 2015 – presentBadger Sons, summer internMcDonald’s (server), July 2014 – September 2014Carmichael College, September 2012 – June 2016Skills:OrganizationMoneyCommunicationComputersSocial media (RockyLovesLadeez on Twitter, Rocky B on MeFace)KarateWorking on deadlineEducation:Carmichael College Communications, 2016Hobbies:KarateBoxingKnittingOh, Rocky†¦where to start? There are lots of areas for improvement here.The LookLet’s talk about how this resume looks to a random reader. The font is very difficult to read, for starters. You want your resume to look clean and straightforward, not like a flyer you’d see taped up at the supermarket, advertising guitar lessons. The centering also adds to this flier-esque feel. For the most part, left-justify.The HeaderRocky also flubs his very first introduction to the reader: the header. Not only does he not include his last name, he leaves obvious typos in the address. Always, always, always proofread your resume. And when you think you’ve proofread it enough? Get someone else to read it too, just to be safe.The Objec tiveRocky doesn’t do much better with his objective statement, which is already in danger of being unnecessary. Rocky is seeking a high-paying job- who isn’t?! The objective or summary statement that you use in your resume should be put to work showing what you can offer the company. This objective tells the reader nothing about who Rocky is, what he does, or what qualifications he holds. Plus, it shows that he knows he’s unqualified for the job. A reader would see that and disregard him right away.The Level of EffortOverall, you can tell he didn’t put much time into this. There’s nothing but bare-bones information here. Under â€Å"Experience,† there’s nothing that tells you what he did at any of those places, no context for how that experience applies to the job he wants. Rocky’s skills don’t fare much better. They’re a confusing jumble of professional skills (again, not fleshed out with any useful information), and personal ones (which is extra unnecessary because he later lists his hobbies. Listing hobbies at the end of your resume isn’t necessarily a bad thing- it can help differentiate you in a pile of resumes. But you should be careful to list only PG ones that you wouldn’t mind your grandma reading about. (Rocky actually succeeds on this one!).The SkillsRocky commits an additional faux pas while listing his social media skills: it’s not a great idea to list your personal social media profiles unless you know they’re clean and professional-looking. (â€Å"RockyLovesLadeez† doesn’t inspire much confidence that this is the case.) From start to finish, this resume is one big red flag.  Let’s look at Hilary, a.k.a. The Jokester.Hilary Peterson 88 McPherson Ave Brooklyn, NY 55555 (999) 000-1111 Comedienne69@emaildomain.comSUMMARYHard worker known for keeping it real (haha) seeking a full-time position as a writer.SKILLSSense of humorOrgani zedOutgoing personalityDealing with hecklers (the worst, amiright?)Writing on deadlineEXPERIENCESully’s Irish Bar Waitress, 2006 – 2007Waited tablesProvided excellent customer serviceHandled cash and credit card transactionsWalStore Sales Associate, 2007-2007Stocked shelves and participated in inventory managementCompleted customer transactions using the store’s POS system.Assisted customersSet up floor displaysPeking Restaurant Waitress, 2007-2010Waited tablesProvided excellent customer serviceHandled cash and credit card transactionsBraggiano’s Italian Bistro Waitress, 2007-2010Waited tablesProvided excellent customer serviceHandled cash and credit card transactionsHewitt Brothers Finance File clerk, 2010 – 2016Served as an account manager in the hedge fund division of a large multinational companyProcessed TPS reports (only mildly soul-sucking!)Maintained archive of client reports and contractsPut up with ridiculous people (kidding- everyone was cool)WRITING/EDITINGWish You Were Here (web series), 5 episodesâ€Å"Living the Dream† (article, Buffington University Alumni Magazine), 2004The Clarion (university newspaper), editor and staff writer, 2001 – 2004EDUCATIONBuffington University B.A. in English (sigh)Hilary’s resume is off to a good start, in that it looks like a resume. However, she starts running into problems early on.The HeaderHilary’s email address isn’t especially appropriate. You don’t need to give up your â€Å"fun† email address (or that old AOL handle that you just can’t let go), but at the very least before you start your job hunt, create a new email address that’s a variation of your name. You can still be HotPantz or BeerPongDude to your friends and family, but potential employers should see a more professional you.The Summary StatementYou know I love a good parenthetical joke, but there’s really no place for jokes, snarky asides, or e moji-like expressions in a resume. You want to be taken seriously, so make sure you set that professional tone.The SkillsAgain, Hilary is trying to be funny, which doesn’t work here. She also leads with â€Å"sense of humor,† which is a good quality to have, but is it her number one skill? The skills section is a chance to emphasize what qualifies you for the job at hand. Hilary says she wants to get a full-time writing job, so shouldn’t she emphasize her writing skills?The ExperienceThere are two issues here. First, Hilary goes chronologically, rather than the backwards chronological order most common in resumes. That latter format is common for a reason: the employer wants to know who you are now, and doesn’t want to have to dig for that information. Second, Hilary includes jobs that don’t necessarily apply to the job for which she’s applying. Long-ago food service and retail jobs don’t seem to have much bearing on the job sheâ€⠄¢s seeking here- which is also undermined by the fact that she uses the same bullets for all of her restaurant jobs. Repetitive bullets make the reader glaze right over. Hilary should be more selective about which of her jobs she chooses to spotlight in her resume- and should come up with unique bullets for each that emphasize how that experience applies to the job she wants.Hilary also buries the lede here: she puts her writing experience waaaaaay down at the end, when she should be putting it front and center to help show that she does, in fact, have writing experience that would apply to her future writing job.And last but not least, let’s check in with Mary, the Jargonator.Mary Hernandez 349 7th Avenue Brooklyn, NY 22222 (333) 555-6666 MaryHernandez@emaildomain.com LinkedUp profile: MHernandez.linkedup.comGo-getter who thinks outside the box looking to synergize experience and maximized skill setSKILLSSynergizing backward overflowThought leadershipResults-drivenDynamic s elf-motivatingBest of breedEXPERIENCEGrande CorpDepartment Assistant January 2013 – presentMaximize and coordinate workflowSynergize department schedulesCoordinate B2C communications (email blasts, client outreach via telecommunications)Analyze office inventoryOffer elevator pitches for social media campaignsHit the ground running every dayCOMPUTER SKILLSAdobeMicrosoft Office (PP, O, Ex)EDUCATIONMarshall Brown University B.A., WLP 2013Mary sounds very with-it and accomplished†¦it’s just a shame you can’t actually tell what she does.The LanguageWhen writing your resume, it’s important to strike a balance between clean, straightforward English. It can be tempting to use fancy-sounding jargon words instead of plain old boring ones, but you don’t want to do that at the expense of the reader’s ability to understand what you’re trying to say.Structurally, the resume is fine. Mary’s problem is the content. Terms like â€Å"go-ge tter† and â€Å"synergized† are played out at this point, not least because they convey very little. You’re much better off using a handful of strong, specific words that describe what you do/did. If Mary had written, â€Å"Highly motivated administrative professional with strong office skills† as her objective, she’d be better off than she is using buzz words that mean very little to the reader without context.The AbbreviationsMary uses terms like â€Å"B2C† and â€Å"WLP† throughout, without explaining what they mean. If you’re using an acronym that may not be readily apparent to the reader, always spell it out on the first use. For example: Business-to-consumer (B2C). If you’re using a term that’s basic knowledge in your industry, then it’s probably fine to use those sparingly- but if you’re unsure, or you think the reader might not have deep technical knowledge of what you’re talking about, it never hurts to describe it a little. If the reader doesn’t understand fully what you’re saying, then it’s likely they’ll give up early and you’ll lose out on a potential opportunity.When you’re writing your own resume, don’t be The Mess, The Jokester, or The Jargonator. Make sure everything is clean, professional, and clear, and you’ll be fine. If you have any horror-show resume moments that you’ve come across, be sure to reach out and share!

CIPR Internal Communications Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CIPR Internal Communications - Coursework Example ce, â€Å"forums, blogs, and social networks,† to make it easier for their employees as well as stakeholders, to not only collaborate but also to connect with one another (Stratmann, 2012, p.1). Social media has proven to be a very vital tool in enhancing the effectiveness of an organisation’s internal communication. With social media inn internal communication come a lot of benefits. For example, social media enable organisations to have â€Å"real-time, authentic† communication with their staff. They also encourage open communication amongst members of an organisation since any member who wishes to contribute to a discussion is always free and able to do so. As such, it enables a smooth flow of communication throughout an organisation. In addition, if one is a member of a multinational organisation, then they can easily communicate to people world-wide, and on a â€Å"more involved level† rather than just through email or through phone. This has been made even better due to the availability of pictures and profile as well as forum features on social sites like Facebook and MySpace (Stratmann, 2012, p.1). VetsNow is an example of an organisation that has successfully used social media in its internal communication. It is an organisation that provides â€Å"out-of-hours veterinary care† all over the UK. Their main aim of adopting social media in internal communication was to strongly engage their internal â€Å"stakeholders.† At VetsNow, employees work both alone and at odd hours. As such, social media would provide its workers the rare opportunity of interacting with one another in person even if at different stations of work. They also saw it as a way of encouraging the sharing of information among employees and stakeholders, and through this exchange of information, they would not only regulate but also improve â€Å"clinical standards and practices† throughout the industry better. This would in turn make them global experts in â€Å"Emergency and Critical Care†

Historical and Philosophical Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Historical and Philosophical - Lab Report Example Other religious groups are sponsoring the schools. In this case, the Christian communities act as mentors to the young children as well as a watch dog to ensure that children’s rights prevail. We have also been witnessing communities participating in schools development; this is through fund raising, advice and other schools activities. The community has also been offering resources to the educational sector at a favorable term because educational institutions are part of the community. Other impacts from the community in which we have been witnessing between the community and the educational sector are by availing a conducive environment for effective education (Chandler, and Nita 26). The community is also working hand in hand with the educational sector by suppressing conflicts of interest. In this case, the community works as the watch dog by ensuring that awarding is by merit. It also ensures rights and concerns of children are respected by all stakeholders, and the overall activities are running in line with the provisions in the educational acts (Chandler, and Nita 33). From this article, we can openly identify different duties played by the community in relation with the educational sector. We can also analyze impacts of the community to the educational sector. We learn that the community is a significant figure in reference to children’s

Hotel on a corner of bitter and sweet Essay Example for Free

Hotel on a corner of bitter and sweet Essay Maintaining privacy and confidentiality for patients is a fundamental duty of care as a nurse. It is clearly stated that a nurse must treat personal information obtained in a professional capacity as confidential (ANMC, 2003, pg. 4). Although the terms privacy and confidentiality are often interchanged, they should be distinguished. Privacy refers to ones ownership of ones body or information about ones self, whereas confidentiality refers specifically to limits upon private information revealed in confidence, as a responsible promise that the information will not be revealed to others (Kerridge et al. , 1998). It is essential that the data will be used and reported in such a way that no one is able to identify the source (Behi Nolan, 1995). It is important to uphold both the privacy and confidentiality of patients whilst in nursing care to protect clients against the morally harmful consequences that can occur when unconsented disclosures are made (Crisp Taylor, 2005). For example, a clients newly diagnosed HB positive status could result in the client being rejected by family and friends and hence left without social support at a time when most needed. The Privacy Act 1988 requires Commonwealth agencies to conform to a set of Information Privacy Principles when dealing with personal information. State and territory legislation also places similar obligations on their respective agencies, which includes hospitals (Crisp Taylor, 2005). At common law, there are expectations that contracts will contain a confidentiality clause and tort will include a duty of confidentiality (Crisp Taylor, 2005). Under most circumstances information gained in the professional-client relationship should not be disclosed, however there is an exception if there is an overriding legal reason that disclosure should be made. For instance, this occurs where such disclosures help prevent harm to innocent others (Crisp Taylor, 2005), such as in a case that a client disclosed that he intended to kill someone he disliked. In conclusion, protecting privacy and confidentiality for patients is essential in the field of nursing, both morally and legally, as this ensures that the patients well-being are not jeopardized by the unwarranted disclosure of such confidential material. Reference 1. Australian Nursing Midwifery Council. (2003). Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. 2. Behi R. Nolan M. (1995). Ethical issues in research. British Journal of Nursing. 4, 12, 712-716. 3. Crisp J. Taylor C. (2005). Potter Perrys fundamentals of Nursing 2nd Edition. Sydney: Elsevier Australia Limited. 4. Kerridge I. , Lowe M. McPhee J. (1998). Ethics and law for the health professions. Katoomba, N. S. W. : Social Science Press. 5. The Privacy Act 1988.

Essay on the Theme of Nature in Antony and Cleopatra :: Antony Cleopatra Essays

Antony and Cleopatra:   The Theme of Nature  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nature, described as mysterious and secretive, is a recurrent theme throughout Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra.   Cleopatra, the ill-fated queen of Egypt, is both mysterious and secretive, and her emotional power is above and beyond nature’s great strength.   Whether described in a positive or in a negative manner, both nature and Cleopatra are described as being â€Å"great natural forces.†Ã‚   Throughout the first act, the two are compared and contrasted by various characters in the play.   The first act, set in Alexandria, Egypt, sets the stage for the play and presents the majority of the actors. Scene two introduces one of the major themes of the play, Nature.   This raunchy, innuendo- filled scene has two of Cleopatra’s close friends and one of Antony’s discussing her and Antony’s life.   Charmian, one of Cleopatra’s best friends, Alexas, one of Cleopatra’s servants (as well as the link between her and Antony), Enobarbus, one of Antony’s trusted Lieutenants, as well as a Soothsayers are all present and discussing their fortunes.   During this discussion, the Soothsayer states, â€Å" In Nature’s infinite book of secrecy/ A little I can read† (I.ii.10-11).   The Soothsayer explains to the others that there is little she can do outside of not only her powers, but also what nature allows her to.   One of the first references to nature and the mystery that revolves around it, this quote simply demonstrate s how little power the people have over something as great as nature.   Nature and the elements surrounding it are simply a mystery to the people of Rome.   In his discussion with his commanding Lieutenant, Enobarbus refers to Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt and Antony’s soon-to- be lover, as a great natural force that is above nature’s powers.   In the second scene of the first act, Antony states, â€Å"She is cunning past man’s thought† (I.ii.145).   This statement is then followed by Enobarbus’ statement about Cleopatra: â€Å"†¦her passions are made of noth/ing but the finest part of pure love.   We cannot call her /winds and waters sighs and tears; they are greater /storms and tempests than almanacs can re- port.   This/ cannot be cunning in her; if it be, she makes a show’r of /rain as well as Jove† (I.ii.146-151).   In this quote, Enobarbus shows great respect and admiration towards Cleopatra.   Not only does he defend her from Antony’s statement, but also he regards her with such high esteem that he compares her to Jove, the ruler of the gods in charge of rain, thunder, and lightning.

Arguments Of Canadian Politics Essay

Since the beginning of civilization, people have had a desire to form and bond with groups.   As civilization progressed, so did the organization and structure of these groups.   Groups became towns, then states, then nations; with the rise of organized nations based upon common goals of people emerges the concept of nationalism. This nationalism gives way to government system. Such a government system resides in Canada and it is often is often suggest that Canada has a form of â€Å"Prime Ministerial Government† in which the office of the Prime minister dominates the executive and legislative branches of government. The focal point of this paper is to argue the different causes of this system. Canadian politics is an admixture of different forms of government. It comprises constitutional monarchy, a federal parliamentary system welded to a tradition of democracy. The arguments whatever the number maybe revolves round certain fundamental fulcrums. It is crucial to understand the way these fulcrums work in order to understand the debates and issues of Canadian Prime Ministerial system of governing. The Canadian setup came into existence through the British North America Act that was passed in the year 1867.   The division of power was a later Canadian addition. The federal element also came in later. After the First World War the different British dominions developed a strong sense of identity, the Belfour Act being a sort of climactic marker of this predilection. Till 1982 the Canadians could not make amendments to their constitution. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in United Kingdom continued to take decisions regarding legal affairs till 1949. Due to such circumstantial constrictions the Canadian setup is more of a constitutional democracy than a parliamentary one. The constitution is based on the Westminster system that is based on conventions that are unwritten and written legislations. Thus it is obvious that being a part of the monarchy, on theoretical ground, the governing body of the state of Canada was not eligible to be a federal authority. So, a presidential candidature or form was not possible in this context. On the other hand the position of Canadian Prime Ministerial system could be well established as a representative of the Monarch. As a result the prime minister was regarded as a CEO under the rule of the British Monarch. Thus it is obvious that Prime minister dominated the executive and legislative branches of government and even after the constitutional change the authorities did not feel to make any amendments. As a result the format is in existence till date. Secondly, there is bicameral parliament that has three divisions, namely the monarch, the senate and the House of Commons. The senate representation was based on an idea of regional representation. The prime minister sending a petition to the monarch (the present number is about 180) The House of Commons works on a separate mandate. They are elected by a plurality of popular votes. The present number hovers around 308. The size of the house is done according to the policy of representation of population. Thus it was important to have a sole authority that would cover the entire legislative system of the country and in Canada’s case the acting authority is deemed to be the prime minister. Another important reason behind the authoritative role of the prime minister is that in Canada the provinces are co sovereign and carry a considerable weight on different issues. Federal-provincial relation is a crucial and recurring issue in Canadian politics. There is basic divide between the rich states and the not so well off states. The central policy that allows the center to use the generated revenue in whatever way it would like to has been a thorn of contention for a very long time in Canadian politics. Scholars have suggested that the overstepping of the limit encroaches upon the sphere of state jurisdiction. What happens here is that the bigger states (both in terms of money and power) can align the central spending in the ways it would want. While conversely if the center seeks to work out the spending in a different way it usually hurts the bigger states more than the other relatively smaller ones. Whichever way the alignment works this revenue spending policy remains a significant reason of the federal-province strained relationships. Thus to sustain the country as a nation it is important to have a central force of authority and as the Prime Minister is the in the position to overlook all the fundamental aspects of the region it is believed that the most eligible influence in this context relies on that position. The forth most important reason behind Prime minister dominating the executive and legislative branches of government is juxtaposed with the provincial legislation of the country. Provincial legislation has an important role to play in this scheme of things. Provincial legislation is subject to limitations imposed by an Act passed in 1982. This was the Constitution Act of 1982. The parliament cannot take over the provincial autonomy. But the power of the provinces as far as amendments of provincial constitutions are concerned, are limited. Only one state has a written constitution, and that too is only a statute. (The state is that of British Columbia). Provincial legislations do not have the power to impinge upon the sphere of parliamentary affairs and in addition cannot touch the office of the Lieutenant general. This is because of the Constitution Act of 1867 that categorically says that everything not mentioned as belonging to the provincial legislatures comes under the purview of the national parliament. Yet the balance between the national legislation and the provincial legislatures is a fine one. The national legislatures have to interpret the provincial legislatures through the mediations and inflections of the provinces. Moreover social security services, one of the most important sectors of legislation is crucially dependent on the provincial legislatures. Though Parliament cannot transfer any of its powers to a provincial legislature, nor a provincial legislature any of its powers to Parliament, Parliament can delegate the administration of a federal Act to provincial agencies (as it has done with the regulation of inter provincial and international highway traffic); and a provincial legislature can delegate the administration of a provincial Act to a federal agency. Thus the central authority to control all the variables and differences of Canada is deemed upon the Prime minister and as a result of all these the Prime minister dominates the executive and legislative branches of government.    References: Lamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; Wellington: National Book Trust

Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles

Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles Abstract This essay firstly gives a brief introduction of the status quo of subtitling practice.By elaborating the characteristics and functions of subtitling translation, analyzing the time and space constraints by using concrete examples exerted from Forrest Gump, Waterloo Bridges, Friends, Rain Man, Shrek, You’ve Got Mail, Liar Liar, Mind of Beauty, Schidle’s List, Pride and Prejudice, American Beauty, Out of Africa, After the Sunset for illustration, the author puts forward six workable strategies for subtitling translation, namely, the avoidance of mistakes on common sense, the application of condensation, due attention of cultural factors, the adoption of colloquial words with natural and fluent tone,the achievement of harmony between speed and visual pictures, good consideration of context. Finally, the importance of improving translation skills and work ethic of subtitle translators is high ligh tened with the hope for perfecting the subtitle translator’s practice in an efficient way. Key words: subtitling; characteristics; constraints; strategies; subtitle translators Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles OutlineThesis Statement: Translation of film’s subtitles, which plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication, is noteworthy of due attention in order to convey the accurate meaning of the original films to its audience. ?. Introduction: The Status Quo, Characteristics, and Functions of Subtitling Translation ?. Two Limiting Factors of Subtitling Translation A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation B. Space Constraint in Subtitling Translation ?. Tactics Drew From the Analysis of Some Movies A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on Common Sense B. The Application of Condensation C. Due Attention of Cultural Factors D. The Adoption of Colloquial Words with Natural and Fluent Speed E. The Achievement of Harmony between Sp eed and Visual Pictures F. Good Consideration of Context ?. ConclusionPreliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles ?. Introduction A. The Status Quo of Subtitling Translation With the widening opening-up and deepening reformation as well as the increasing contact with other countries, English original films become more and more popular in our entertainment industry. When Americans are crazy with The Lord of the Rings, laughing with Shrek, arguing about Fahrenheit 9/11, and holding their breath at appreciating Spider-man, Chinese people also want to have a comprehensive understanding of them. However, not all Chinese people could understand English, so they have to turn to subtitles to gain a sense of satisfaction.Therefore, subtitling translation, which plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication, is noteworthy of due attention in order to convey the accurate meaning of the original films to its audience. B. Characteristics of Subtitling Transl ation Subtitles are the words that printed at the bottom part of the screen in the form of target language, following the sound of source language. Nedegaard-Larsen, Birgit once put subtitling translation as a type of special language conversion: the condensed written translation of the original oral speech. 1 Shuttleworth and Cowie also put it in this way—subtitling translation was a process which provides simultaneous instruction to the verbal activities happened in films and television programs. Gottieb once concluded the features of subtitling translation into five aspects: 1) written 2) addible 3) instantaneous 4) simultaneous 5) multimedia. 3 And personally speaking, there are at least three apparent features: 1. Proper condensation of original context: When a film is going, its viewers need to have heed of the subtitles while listening the original sound and appreciating the animated pictures. So subtitling translation not only needs accuracy, but also has to attach eq ual importance to the density of words in each line and the actor’s speaking speed, of which the complexity can be adjusted in accordance with the viewer acceptance. Therefore, proper condensation becomes the key point of subtitling translation.Let’s take a short conversation in Friends as an example, Rachel said: â€Å"Chandler, I gotta tell you, I love your mom’s books! I love her books! I cannot get on a plane without one†. The original subtitle translation goes like this: â€Å" ,!! , ,! † Although we can sense the literary beauty in it, we also can condense it into a better express way like â€Å" ,!! † 2. Conversion from written speech to colloquial form: Usually, the subtitles only stay on the screen for only a very little while. To make sure that the viewer can grasp the main idea easily, the style of the translated version should avoid unreadibility. So the control of oralization and readability outshine other factors.The translat ion of subtitles should to most extent choose oral and easy-understanding words and phrases, avoiding redundant words, repetitive expressions much foreignized set phrases and idioms as well as foreign allusions that Chinese people cannot understand. The sentence should not be tedious and lengthy, but be simple and easy-understanding, also the translation should avoid parenthesis, gerunds and clauses. 3. Being compatible with multimedia: For ordinary written works, information can be conveyed only through the form of characters, while for subtitles, it can convey the message altogether with visual information (movie pictures) and sound information (original sound, music and other stage sounds). Therefore, when the subtitles fail to convey the exact meaning, its viewers can get information from extra-linguistic message.Let’s take â€Å"Shrek† for example, Shrek’s anger can be shown by contorted face; Princess Fiona’s tenderness and kindness can be shown thr ough her gentle smile; the subtle effect can be sensed through its beautiful or soft or exciting music. All of these important extra-linguistic messages can be expressed by mere written characters, and these messages can aid subtitles to bring its functions into full play. C. Functions of Subtitling Translation When mentioning the functions of subtitling translation, usually I would like to conclude them into the following points: 1) Subtitling translation can facilitate its viewers to maximize their understanding to the original films.Because many Chinese viewers cannot understand English, they need some facilitating tools to help them to comprehend and appreciate them. After trying many methods, researchers find that subtitle is a very effective way to achieve this. It can convey the maximum message to the audience. 2) Subtitling translation serves as an aid to visual pictures and sound effect. Subtitle is a type of special conversion between translation and consecutive interpreta tion. Because in simultaneous interpretation and translation, readers and listeners receive the message in a constant way, while in consecutive interpretation, a time difference exists in the process, which is like the subtitle translation’s function in movies.And for subtitle, it must work with pictures and sounds when conveying its information, and in this process, viewers need to scan one line and then another to grasp the main idea, also a time difference happens, but this difference is much shorter than that in consecutive interpretation. 3) Subtitling translation can help its movie viewers to appreciate the original impact brought by the genuine effect. Viewers need just have a glimpse of the subtitles appearing at the bottom part of the screen while listening the original sound. 4) Good subtitling translation can be a good way for people to learn English. When people listen to English, they can see the Chinese.In the process, they may not only improve their English lis tening proficiency, but also enhance their English translation skills. ?. Limiting Factors of Subtitling Translation A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation Time constraint means that the picture movement and sound effect should be mutually accordant. Although film subtitle is not so strict as film dubbing, it should also convey the exact meaning by using the similar amount of time as it is used in source language. Furthermore, subtitle should stay on the screen long enough for viewers to scan. Usually, the time is not less than two seconds and not more than seven seconds (except for song lyrics).If translators ignore the time constraint in subtitling translation, some troubles might be caused for viewers to gain a total understanding. So specifically, sometimes translators need to use condensation and colloquial words to achieve the time harmony with other factors, such as the background music, characters’ facial expressions and so forth. B. Space Constraint in Subtitli ng Translation Space constraint means that the words and punctuations of subtitle appeared on the screen at one time should not be too many. According to Gottlieb’s study, the words appeared in each line of the subtitle are not more than thirty-five, and at most, two lines can be on at the same time.Therefore, if the subtitles in original movies are very long, the translators should adopt the condensation of words in order to present the viewers the proper and complete meaning within a limited space on the screen. For these part, the detailed the expatiation will be unfolded in the following strategies. ?. Workable Strategies Dealing With the Above Constraints A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on Common Sense Example1: — Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump? — He is on vocation. (Chosen from Forrest Gump) The second sentence is Forrest Gump’s mother’s euphemistic response to the school’s principal’s question. In this sentence, â€Å"on vocation † dose not mean Forrest Gump’s father was really having a vocation or holiday, but means Forrest Gump’s father was dead.So when translating this phrase, translators should do a careful consideration, avoiding mistranslation in order to convey the exact meaning to its appreciators. Therefore, I personally think this sentence can be translated into â€Å" † instead of â€Å" †. Example 2: Myra: Nice of you to come and see me. Roy: Not at all. (Chosen from Waterloo Bridge) This concise dialogue shows that the two major characters are very excited at meeting each other, while the subtitles in aversion are â€Å" † â€Å" †, which obviously are very confusing. However, in another version, the translation is â€Å" ,! † â€Å" †. I think the latter translation is much better. Example 3: Myra: †¦ What the time is it? Kitty: It’s†¦ er†¦ almost eleven. Chosen from Waterloo Bridge) Kitty’s answer is very simple, but the subtitle is â€Å" †, and I think this trivial mistranslation is caused by translator’s carelessness, which seems to be a little bit irresponsible. Example 4: Joey: I gotta tell you. You’re the best in the business. Girl: Get out. (Chosen from Friends) The translation of â€Å" Get out† in the subtitle is â€Å" †, which is really absurd. Suppose we put it in this way, that means when the girl heard Joey’s praise to her, she did not say â€Å"thanks† to show her politeness, contrarily she asked Joey to leave, which is not proper in that context. Also, this scene happened on the platform, where there was no door, how a person could get out.So I think â€Å" Get out† should be translated into â€Å" † rather than â€Å" †. Example 5: I’m ready to pop. (Chosen from Liar Liar) The subtitle of this actor’s lines in a version is â€Å" †, which is really weird and makes th e audience puzzled. In fact, this sentence is the person’s response to the waiter, and it is a kind of euphemistic refusal. So it should be translated into â€Å" † or â€Å" †. So to conclude, Chinese is a parataxis language while English is a hypo-taxis language, so the rooting solution of mistranslation is that the subtitle translators should have a good command of English and Chinese. B. The Application of CondensationBecause of the space constraint, sometimes subtitles should be condensed and translators may eliminate some parts which can be easily sensed through the movie’s context. But this elimination should be proper and correct. Example 1: Momma always says there’s an awful lot you could tell about a person by their shoes. (Chosen from Forrest Gump) Subtitle: â€Å" , , †. Personally speaking, this Chinese translation seems a little bit long, and we might have a try to condense it into â€Å" , †. I think â€Å" , â₠¬  is better than â€Å" , , †. Also the modified translation could achieve the beautiful effect which is similar to a movie’s name Scent of Women ( ).Example 2: I turn on my computer, I wait impatiently as it connects, I go on line and my breath catches in my chest until I hear the three little words: â€Å"You’ve got mail! † I hear nothing, not even a sound on the streets of New York, just the beat of my own heart. I have mail! From you! † (Chosen from You’ve Got Mail) Subtitle: â€Å" , , , ‘ ’ , , , , ,!! † In this translation, two places applied condensation. 1) â€Å"You’ve got mail†. If we translate this sentence according to its literal meaning of each word, then the translation could be â€Å" †, but apparently, compared with the first translation â€Å" , the second one is inferior, because in the original speech, there is a clue â€Å" three little words†. So eliminating  " ? † and translating it into â€Å" † is quite splendid. 2) â€Å"I have mail! From you! † Translating it into â€Å" ! † is much better than translating it into â€Å" ! †, following the original order of each word. Furthermore, the original translation can give a vivid description of the major female character’s eager and excitement. Example 3: Shrek: It’s on my to do list now, come on! Fiona: But this isn’t right. You’re meant to charge in, sword drop, banner flying, that’s what all other knights did. (Chosen from Shrek)Subtitle: â€Å" ,! † â€Å" , , , ,. † Suppose we modified the former part into â€Å" , † or â€Å" , †, it would be concise and natural to Chinese viewers. Then we might adjust the latter part’s order into â€Å" , , †. Put them together and we get the translation â€Å" , † â€Å" , , †. I think the modified translation would exp ress its meaning in a concise way. And also it can keep the original animated sense. Therefore, in order to employ the tactic of condensation freely, the subtitle translators should comprehend the English and Chinese completely.English is a kind of hypo- taxis language while Chinese is a parataxis one. So when translating English into Chinese, translators should omit such unnecessary parts as some conjunctions. C. Due Attention of Cultural Factors In the source language, unavoidably there are many culture-loaded words containing special cultural meaning which cannot be easily sensed by its readers. These culture-loaded words, coming from religious books, historical stories or literature works and so forth, which are not familiar to its target language readers, sometimes may cause cultural clash and cultural vacuum. Considering the space constraint, adding notes is not feasible.So at this time, subtitle translators should adopt â€Å" liberal translation† on the basis of compr ehending the cultural factors. Example1: Don’t you take the Lord’s name in vain with me, you understand? (Chosen from Ghost) This sentence is the conjurator Oda Mae’s dissatisfactory response to Sam’s words. And â€Å" in vain† in this sentence was translated into â€Å" †. But this idiom, if we put it into Chinese, means â€Å" †, â€Å" † in this context. This meaning can be dated back to Bible, in which there is a sentence goes â€Å" Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. †( ). Therefore, the translation there should be modified into â€Å" , Example2: Shall we say swords, gentlemen? Pistols at dawn? (Chosen from Mind of Beauty) This sentence was said by a person who was drinking with his friends and Nash, when a beautiful blond came in, then they began to talk about who had advantage to talk with this girl first. If this sentence is literally translated, it should be â€Å" †, and th is sentence is definitely meaningless and will confuse its audience. Actually, this line contains the cultural content that in the middle century in western countries, the upper-class nobles usually gain their lovers by fighting, in which the tools are swords or pistols. We can see obviously this sentence is wisecrack.To make Chinese viewers understand and avoid additional explanation, subtitle translators had better omit the meanings of â€Å" swords† and â€Å" pistols† and translate it into â€Å" , , †. There â€Å" † is quite appropriate, for it can not only express these gentlemen’s meaning, but also keep the original meaning of gaining lovers through swords and pistols. In addition, this translation showcases the theory of functional equivalence proposed by Neda. Example 3: Shrek: What should we do with him? Donkey: Take the sword and neuter him right here. Give him the Bob Barker treatment (Chosen from Shrek) Subtitle: â€Å" † â €Å" , † Bob Barker treatment has something to do with the cultural background.In a famous American entertainment program The Price is Right ( ? ), the host Bob Barker always says â€Å" Help control the population, have your pets sprayed or neutered†( , ) at the end of the program. â€Å"Spray† is used to describe the female one, and â€Å" neuter† the male one. We can see the translation of this dialogue has expressed its cultural content fully. D. Adoption of Colloquial Words Subtitling translation of films is quite different from literature translation. Because when appreciating literature works, readers can adjust their reading speed according to their liking, capability of understanding as well as the works’ degree of complexity.When readers meet uncommon-used words or particular interesting chapters, they could slow down or read them repetitively; when they meet easy or tedious parts, they also could choose to speed up or just omit them. However, when people see movies, they are in the position of being passive, for they are the information receivers. In the process of appreciating a movie, time for digesting subtitles is short, and each scene is closely related, so the translation of subtitles is not allowed to have vague points. To achieve this, subtitle translators should adopt colloquial expressions. Example 1: My house is in the hills above Trujillo. A very simple place†¦ pink stones that warm in the sun†¦ kitchen arden that smells of herbs in the day†¦ jasmine in the evening. Through the gate is giant popular. Figs, apples, pears. The soil, Marcus, black†¦black like my wife’s hair. Grapes on the south slopes, olives on the north. Wild ponies play near my house, they tease my son. He wants to be one of them. (Chosen from Scrapper) Subtitles: â€Å" TRUJILLO , , , , , , † There are three pronouns at the end of this passage— â€Å"they†, â€Å"he† and  "them†. The literal translation of the last sentence is â€Å" , †.Although this sentence is right, the translating accent is very English, and it is not quite acceptable by Chinese people. So the translator changed it into â€Å" , † which sounds natural, colloquial and easy-understanding. E. The Achievement of Harmony between Sounds and Visual Pictures Film is kind of comprehensive art combine with listening and watching. Visual pictures and sounds are mutual complemented to each other. So to achieve the harmony between them is quite essential. Example 1: Lester: So, Janie. How was school? Janie: It’s ok! Lester: Just okay? (dissatisfied) Janie: No, Dad. It was spectacular! (impatient) (Chosen from American Beauty)There â€Å" spectacular† is a relatively longer word, and the Chinese translation is â€Å" † or â€Å" †, but â€Å" † or â€Å" † is a little bit short. When the subtitle has completed displayed to th e viewers, the actor could probably not stop moving her lips. So to achieve the agreement, the translation had better be â€Å" †. In addition, â€Å" † also could express Janie’s impatient feeling. Example 2: Ah, there it is. (Chosen from Mind of Beauty) When Nash was playing checks with his rival, several students were watching, and in the end, one of them said that sentence. If we translate it literally, the translation should be â€Å" † which is very vague. And in he movie, we can see, following this sentence, Nash smiled. So this sentence contains the hidden meaning that Nash would win the competition. So, if we translate it into â€Å" ? , †, then it will be more accordant with the picture ( Nash’s smile). F. Good Consideration of Context Each exciting moment in film is established through dialogues, and their meanings should be coherent, so the context of film stands in an important position. Subtitle translators should know the a ctors’ purpose very well through the context. Only thus could the translated subtitles be understood by the viewers. Example 1: Go to the mattress. (Chosen from You’ve Got Mail)This sentence is originated from the actor’s line in movie The Godfather, and it means that it is the time for fighting, because this scene happened in the context that the sinister gang would sleep together temporarily on several beds before fighting in the next day. Therefore, the translation of this should be â€Å" †. But if the subtitle translators don not know its origination, they are likely to put it into the way of â€Å" †, which is really ridiculous and probably cause misunderstanding to its viewers about the two major characters’ relationship. Example 2: Karen: And you? How is it with the fighting? Denys: Were taking a beating. It’s likely to last for a while. (Chosen from Out of Africa) A translation version for this dialogue is â€Å" † à ¢â‚¬Å" , †.In this version, the translation â€Å" † for â€Å" taking a beating† is not proper, though from the literal meaning, it is accordant with the later part â€Å" It’s likely to last for a while†. However, if we do a careful analysis, we will find Denys’ answer is not acceptable to Karen’s question. Because Karen asked Denys how the fighting was going on, and she needs a description, while Denys just answered Karen there was a beating. In our daily life, we don not answer others’ questions in this way. In fact, â€Å" taking a beating† is an English idiom, and it means â€Å" difficult to surpass†, so why don’t we translate it in this way â€Å" , †. I think it will be much better.There are many such kind of examples. Now let me compare a word’s meaning in different context. 1) Schidle: Well, I’m a German. All right, you’ve done it. A good company, you think? Stern: M odestly successful! (Chosen from Schindle’s List) There â€Å" good company† can be translated it into â€Å" †, but â€Å" ? † can be divided into many aspects. According to Schidle’s reply and his identity as a businessman, it is not hard to sense his purpose that he wanted to know whether this company was profitable or not. So I think the translation had better be â€Å" ? , , † â€Å" †. 2) Stern: You stand in the line or there, but there is no good. Chosen from Schindle’s List) â€Å" no good† in Chinese means â€Å" †, but according to the situation then— Jews wanted to find a job in Schidle’s factory, but without blue cards, they cannot get any job there, so Stern said to one of the Jews that sentence. Considering all these, I think we can change â€Å" † into another expression like â€Å" , †. 3) Goeth: You want to say where you are. You’ve got things going on the s ide, things are good, you don’t want anybody telling you what to do— I can understand all that, didn’t I? (Chosen from Schindle’s List) This scene happened in this context: Goeth was a bad guy who always kills people.He thought Schindle wanted to build a small camp by employing Jews, so he thought Schindle would turn to him for help. Then he said the sentence above. According to the movie’s content, we know â€Å"thing† means â€Å"establishing a small camp† there, so â€Å"good† means â€Å"profitable†. Then the subtitle could be translated as â€Å" , , , , † 4) Darcy: But that was what she liked. People flatter her so much she enjoys an occasional change. Lizzy: I’m afraid I gave her a good change this afternoon. (Chosen from Pride and Prejudice) According to the movie’s content, we know that Darcy’s aunt is a person who likes other’s flattery.Lizzy’s reply is an irony. I onc e saw a kind of translation in a version was â€Å" †, in which the translation of â€Å" good† is liberal. This translation did not keep the original speaking tone of the speaker, and could not show Lizzy’s smartness and character. So I suggest this translation be changed into â€Å" †. All in all, subtitling translation should be connected with the film’s different context. Then only do so, can it convey the genuine meaning to its viewers. ?. Conclusion In consideration of the time and space constraints as well as the analysis of those examples, I have concluded the subtitling translation tactics into six aspects.Right now, I also would like to provide a piece of advice to the subtitle translators—to be a subtitle translator with intelligence and work ethic. For intelligence, subtitle translators may do their efforts by enhancing the following three aspects. Firstly, subtitles translators should do efforts on dealing with untranslatabili ty. Secondly, subtitle translators should improve their proficiency of language, including the proficiency of both source language and target language. The more proficient about language the subtitle translators are, the more freely and skillfully could they accomplish their task. Last but equally important, subtitle translators should strengthen their listening ability.Correct translation can only be achieved through correct comprehension, and listening accurately is the first necessary step for correct comprehension. Cultural vacuum is unavoidable in subtitling translation. Under the condition of being impossible to find an equivalent word in the target language, subtitle translators might â€Å"create† a new word reasonably. For work ethic, the author thinks subtitle translators may perfect themselves from the following three aspects. First, subtitle translators should be passionate. Because passion can make subtitle translators be interested in their translating work. Sec ond, subtitle translators should be careful and responsible for their work,because their attitudes play a great part in the subtitle translators’ work.Third, subtitle translators should be perseverant. Because subtitling translation needs a great devotion of time and energy, which is rather harsh to many subtitle translators. The author wants to contribute her study and effort to the subtitling translation by writing this essay, and firmly believes by applying correct tactics, we will make a prosperous future in the field of subtitling translation. Notes 1 Nedergaard-Larsen, Bright, â€Å"Culture-bound Problems in Subtitling†in. Perspectives (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1993), 27. 2 Shuttleworth M. and Cowie, ed. , Dictionary of Translation Studies. (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1997), 264. 3 Gottlieb, H. Subtitling— A New University Discipline,† in Teaching Translation And Interpreting: Training, Talent And Experience C Dollerup & A Lodegaard (Eds) Amsterdam, ed. John Benjamins Company (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1992), 47. Bibliography Xu, Lisheng , ed. Intercultural Communication In English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004. ( ), : ,1999? , : ,2007? , : ,1994? , : ,2001? : ,2001? ( ), : , 2004? ( ), : ,2007? ,. : , 2007? , : ,2001?

Analysis of the ideas of Dana and Yendol

Analysis of the ideas of Dana and Yendol Analyzing the ideas of Dana and Yendol-Hoppey, I found that the authors are focused on the process of conducting the classroom research. The authors describe the current trends into education. Thus, they provide the stories of schools and the teachers methods of increasing of the results.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Analysis of the ideas of Dana and Yendol-Hoppey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For Dana and Yendol-Hoppey, the teachers are the generators of the ideas about teaching and learning who should develop the new practices and approaches in order to provide more knowledge for students. Although Dana and Yendol-Hoppey argue about the conducting inquiries that may help to involve the practitioners and make them being more active in shaping the direction of teaching as the profession, both authors emphasize a significant impact of the gathering as the key aspect of teaching as the complex discipli ne. Dana and Yendol-Hoppey uses the term of â€Å"wondering† in order to indicate an importance of the passionate approach of the practitioners as the power that helps conducting the process of teaching. According to the authors, the circumstances within the teaching practice require the process of conducting the classroom research by the use of one’s own knowledge, professional skills and experience. It is necessary to simplistically focus on the results according to the particular situation and agendas. The examples and exercises of the book demonstrate the process of inquiring into one’s teaching practice. Both researchers emphasize a significant role of the collaboration and the gathering while conducting the research. As it is possible to notice that the process of teaching is the complex, the conducting of the research can be difficult task. Therefore, it is important to use the collaborative resources and ideas. However, on the other hands, the authors in dicate that the current educational system, its structure and organization provide a number of obstacles to gathering.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the present educational system drives to privilege the numerical assessments, it is important to legitimize non-numerical evidence. In this case, it is necessary to gather the ideas, skills and experience in order to prove the value of the non-numerical system as a possible alternative. Both the teachers and students should be interested in the practical result of the process of teaching and learning. Teachers should try to involve students not only using the marks, but describing the value of the practical result. Only the understanding of the results can push students to be more active and concerned with getting more knowledge. At the same time, teachers should be also interested in their work, using the modern facilities and correcting their usual approaches according to the current demands within the educational system. According to the view of academics Csikszentimihalyi, Feist and Eysenck, people always provide higher results when they work independently and can be free from interruption. In spite of Dana and Yendol-Hoppey, Csikszentimihalyi and Feist indicate that individuals are not conjoint by the human nature. Therefore, the statement to â€Å"always collaborate† is incorrect and controversial. Eysenck also emphasizes the essential power of individual work and freedom of being involved to the common process of thinking. Although the psychologists are right taking about an importance of the independent thinking, such approach can be not adequate while investigating the process of teaching and learning. There can be the circumstances when it is better to work alone, focusing on the task. However, most of the students demonstrate better results working in the teams or wi thin their classroom. At the same time, the approach of gathering is absolutely helpful within the process of developing the most useful and appropriate programs, developing the new ideas or searching the perspectives.

Live Oak - Description, Planting and Growing

Live Oak - Description, Planting and Growing Live Oak Introduction A large, sprawling, picturesque tree, usually graced with Spanish moss and strongly reminiscent of the Old South.  Live oak is one of the broadest spreaders of the Oaks, providing large areas of deep, inviting shade. Live oak is the state tree of Georgia. Reaching 60 to 80 feet in height with a 60 to 100-foot spread and usually possessing many sinuously curved trunks and branches, live oak is an impressive sight for any large-scale landscape. An amazingly durable American native, it can measure its lifetime in centuries if properly located and cared for in the landscape. It is also often wrongly planted in small landscapes and right-of-ways where it is doomed to heavy pruning and ultimate removal. The live oaks scientific name is  Quercus virginiana  and pronounced like  Ã‚  KWERK-us ver-jin-ee-AY-nuh.The trees most used common name is  Southern Live Oak  and in the family Fagaceae. It grows inUSDA hardiness zones  7B through 10B, is native to the North American south and generally available in many areas within its hardiness range.  The oak is generally used in wide tree lawns but adapts well in large parking lot islands. It is a magnificent specimen tree in open landscapes. Michael Durr in Manual of Woody Landscape Plants says it is a massive, picturesque, wide-spreading, evergreen tree with magnificent horizontal and arching branches that form a broad rounded canopy; a single tree constitutes a garden. A Botanical Description of Live Oak As I have mentioned, live oak has a moderate height but a spread to  120 feet. The live oak crown uniformity is a  canopy that is  symmetrical and  with a regular (or smooth) outline and all  individuals have more or less identical broad crown forms. A live oaks crown approximates round but has a definite look of spreading vertically. The crown can be considered dense but its growth rate is medium to slow which means that it can only become a prime tree specimen over many decades. Live oak branches will continuously droop as the tree grows and will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian clearance beneath the canopy. This is why a small urban median between moderately wide avenues will make for problems. The oak does have a showy trunk and should be grown on a single leader with substantial height. The live oak leaf is thickly green and persistent through the winter. The leaf arrangement is alternate, the leaf type is simple and the leaf margin is entire. Managing a Live Oak in the Landscape A live oak tree will grow  in part shade/part sun and in full sun. It tolerates many soils including  clay, loam, sand, acidic, alkaline and  occasionally wet but best on  well-drained soils. The tree has a high tolerance of drought, a high tolerance of salty atmosphere and a moderate tolerance for salt in the soil. You will need to prune this tree regularly to develop strong structure when in a managed landscape that has vehicular traffic. The tree is extremely resistant to breakage and will not be a problem in any but the strongest of storms. Live oak is usually pest-free. Occasionally mites infest the foliage, but they are of little concern in the landscape. There is some concern for a newly discovered Texas live oak decline. Galls cause homeowners much concern but should not. These trees  suffer with many types of galls which  can be on the leaves or twigs of Quercus virginiana. Most galls are harmless so chemical controls are not suggested. Live Oak In Depth Once established, the live oak will thrive in almost any location within its natural range and is very resistant to wind and its resulting damage. Live Oak is a tough, enduring tree that will respond with vigorous growth to plentiful moisture on well-drained soil. Like other oaks, care must be taken to develop a strong branch structure early in the life of the tree. Be sure to eliminate multiple trunks and branches which form a narrow-angle with the trunk as these are likely to split from the tree as it grows older. Be sure that an adequate landscape area is given to live oak as roots will grow under curbs and sidewalks when planted in confining soil spaces. When visiting large southern coastal cities (Mobile, Savannah) you will these trees thriving in these urban settings and their ability to lift sidewalks, curbs and driveways. This is the cost many are willing to pay for a live oak urban forest. One of the biggest problems with live oak in cities, towns and private landscapes is e lack of pruning. This tree can live for a very long time and it is important to develop proper trunk and branch structure early in the life of the tree. Following planting  in the landscape, prune the tree each year for the first three years, then every five years to age 30. This program will help ensure that the tree develops into a strong, long-lived fixture in the community, and will help develop the 14 to 15 foot tall vehicle clearance needed for planting along city streets. Source Dirr, Michael A. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propogation and Uses. Bonnie Dirr (Illustrator), Margaret Stephan (Illustrator), et al., Revised edition, Stipes Pub Llc, January 1, 1990.

Human resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resource - Assignment Example Being a service-oriented company Emirates Airlines aims to provide excellence to its customer and nothing less then that in order to keep growing and meeting its target to become the world best airline. The airline has won more than 400 awards all over the world for its top quality services and consistent performance. To date, the airline is operating in seventy different countries and it flies over 120 destinations across the world. Almost every day, Emirates Airlines fly in and out of Dubai and around over 1200 flights fly from Dubai towards six different continents. Emirates airline alone accounts for 40 percent of the flights coming and going out of Dubai (Birtles, 1998). Currently, the company operates with more then 170 aircrafts. The airline is famous for its in-flight cuisine and, excellent entertainment system and excellent services and overall experience. Human Resource Management The basic purpose of the Human Resource Management is to meet the company’s strategic g oal and objectives by incorporating the right type of employees in to the company and by provide them the right amount of satisfaction by meeting their needs and making them comfortable with the companies operations. Specifically, it is responsible for the useful and capable use of inadequate human resource. Since service is one the most important element in the airline, industry it becomes extremely significant to take every action to ensure that the customers travelling through Emirates Airline get an unmatched and unparalleled customer service experience. Thus, training and development becomes a key factor for the Emirates Airline as it helps the people working there to serve its customer in the best possible manner (Bundhun, 2011). The cabin crew of Emirates is considered the best in this business. The special thing about this crew is that it contains people with variety of nationalities. According to report by the Emirates Airline, the crew comes from over a 120 countries speak ing 80 plus languages. The cabin crew is in charge for the plane onboard operations since it is directly in contact with its customers (Collins, 2002). The company spends mere 5 to 6 percent of its revenue on training and development as opposed to any other airline company that at an average spends only 3 to 4 percent. Training and Development Training and development program is an important part of any service-oriented organization like the Emirates Airline. With the help of training and development programs employees overall productivity and efficiency increases which results in providing better services to its customers (Jha, 2005). Once the training is complete employees are benefitted with big allowances and increment in their salaries as their worth to the organization increase. Emirates Airline has a very effective training and development program designed for its employees. It is a three-step program the first step being the assessment, which requires some questions to be an swered like what is required, when and where it is required, and by whom it is required. Once the answer to these questions have been determined we move on to the next step which is the training activity conducted in order to complete the necessities of the first step. The last step is the evaluation step designed to measure the results of the second step and the overall impact on